{"id":31,"date":"2014-08-17T19:30:08","date_gmt":"2014-08-17T18:30:08","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/localhost\/voda\/?page_id=31"},"modified":"2014-08-17T19:30:08","modified_gmt":"2014-08-17T18:30:08","slug":"libechovka","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"http:\/\/vodajelenice.cz\/?page_id=31","title":{"rendered":"Lib\u011bchovka"},"content":{"rendered":"

LIB\u011aCHOVKA<\/strong> – d\u0159\u00edve t\u00e9\u017e Dolsk\u00fd potok (dlouh\u00fd 24,5 km) pramen\u00ed v \u00fadol\u00ed mezi Star\u00fdm a Nov\u00fdm Ber\u0161tejnem severov\u00fdchodn\u011b od Dub\u00e9. Na sv\u00e9m toku p\u0159ij\u00edm\u00e1 vodu od levostrann\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edtok\u016f z \u00fadol\u00ed pod Ple\u0161ivcem (Nedamovsk\u00fd potok) a z Be\u0161kovsk\u00e9ho \u00fadol\u00ed (K\u0159enovsk\u00fd potok) a od pravostrann\u00e9ho p\u0159\u00edtoku od Pavl\u00ed\u010dek (Zak\u0161inksk\u00fd potok). U Lib\u011bchova, v bl\u00edzkosti lib\u011bchovsk\u00e9ho z\u00e1meck\u00e9ho parku, ve v\u00fd\u0161ce 166 m n .m., se Lib\u011bchovka vl\u00e9v\u00e1 do Labe. Historicky je na toku Lib\u011bchovky zmi\u0148ov\u00e1no 17 ml\u00fdn\u016f, krom\u011b dal\u0161\u00edch staveb vyu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00edc\u00edch kinetickou energii vody.<\/p>

Vliv mlyn\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9 \u010dinnosti na krajinu<\/h3>

\u00dadol\u00ed Lib\u011bchovky je \u0161ir\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e \u00fadol\u00ed P\u0161ovky, bylo v\u0161ak tak\u00e9 siln\u011b ovlivn\u011bno \u010dinnost\u00ed mlyn\u00e1\u0159\u016f. Ml\u00fdnsk\u00fd syst\u00e9m tvo\u0159en\u00fd soustavou n\u00e1hon\u016f, jalov\u00fdch struh, rybn\u00ed\u010dk\u016f a vlastn\u00edho toku potoka ovliv\u0148oval nivu \u0159\u00ed\u010dky po cel\u00e9 jej\u00ed d\u00e9lce. Mlyn\u00e1\u0159i pravideln\u011b \u010distili n\u00e1hony i odpadn\u00ed strouhy a t\u00edm ovliv\u0148ovali hloubku spodn\u00ed vody. Pe\u010dovali i o p\u0159ilehl\u00e9 pozemky – pole, chmelnice, sady, louky a pastviny. Ze sn\u00edmku po\u0159\u00edzen\u00e9ho roku 1900 je patrn\u00e9, jak\u00fd vzhled m\u011blo \u00fadol\u00ed u \u017del\u00edz v t\u00e9 dob\u011b.<\/p>

Pro snadn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed o\u0161et\u0159ov\u00e1n\u00ed luk, s vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed hladinou spodn\u00ed vody, byly vytv\u00e1\u0159eny povrchov\u00e9 odvod\u0148ovac\u00ed stru\u017eky.<\/p>

Po ukon\u010den\u00ed \u010dinnosti ml\u00fdn\u016f p\u0159estal n\u00e1honov\u00fd syst\u00e9m regulovat mno\u017estv\u00ed vody v p\u016fd\u011b, pozemky se st\u00e1valy postupn\u011b mokr\u00fdmi a p\u0159irozen\u00fdm v\u00fdvojem (sukces\u00ed) se p\u0159em\u011bnily na ost\u0159icov\u00e9 porosty, tu\u017eebn\u00edkov\u00e1 lada a r\u00e1kosiny. Na mnoha m\u00edstech v\u00fdvoj pokra\u010doval a\u017e do stadia ol\u0161in a mok\u0159adn\u00edch ol\u0161in. Sukces\u00ed vznikla velice v\u00fdznamn\u00e1 p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00ed spole\u010denstva, pro kter\u00e1 byla \u00fadol\u00ed L\u00edb\u011bchovky a P\u0161ovky v roce 1997 zaps\u00e1na pod n\u00e1zvem „Mok\u0159ady Lib\u011bchovky a P\u0161ovky“ do seznamu mezin\u00e1rodn\u011b v\u00fdznamn\u00fdch mok\u0159ad\u016f ve smyslu Ramsarsk\u00e9 \u00famluvy. Na \u00fazem\u00ed byly vyhl\u00e1\u0161eny p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00ed rezervace a pam\u00e1tky, o kter\u00e9 v sou\u010dasn\u00e9 dob\u011b pe\u010duje Spr\u00e1va CHKO Koko\u0159\u00ednsko.<\/p>

Jak se \u017eilo ve ml\u00fdn\u011b<\/h3>

Mlyn\u00e1\u0159stv\u00ed pat\u0159ilo k \u0159emesl\u016fm n\u00e1ro\u010dn\u00fdm, ale tak\u00e9 velmi respektovan\u00fdm, proto\u017ee mlyn\u00e1\u0159 musel m\u00edt znalosti a schopnosti z mnoha obor\u016f. Ve st\u0159edov\u011bku musel mlyn\u00e1\u0159 um\u011bt nejen ml\u00fdn ovl\u00e1dat, ale i postavit ho a samoz\u0159ejm\u011b upravit ter\u00e9n pro n\u00e1hon, rybn\u00edk apod.<\/p>

V 16. stolet\u00ed se v r\u00e1mci mlyn\u00e1\u0159stv\u00ed vyd\u011blilo samostatn\u00e9 \u0159emeslo zvan\u00e9 sekernictv\u00ed, kter\u00e9 se zab\u00fdvalo stavbou a opravou ml\u00fdnsk\u00fdch za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed. Sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed zkou\u0161ek na mlyn\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9ho mistra v\u0161ak nad\u00e1le z\u016fst\u00e1vala i stavba \u010d\u00e1sti ml\u00fdnsk\u00e9ho slo\u017een\u00ed tzv. mistrovsk\u00fd kus.<\/p>

Mlyn\u00e1\u0159sk\u00fdm mistrem se nemohl st\u00e1t nikdo ze dne na den. Chlapci nastupovali do u\u010den\u00ed ve v\u011bku \u010dtrn\u00e1cti let na dva a\u017e t\u0159i roky a vykon\u00e1vali v\u0161echny pot\u0159ebn\u00e9 leh\u010d\u00ed pr\u00e1ce. Jejich hlavn\u00ed \u010dinnost\u00ed bylo smet\u00e1n\u00ed mou\u010dn\u00e9ho prachu z podlahy ml\u00fdnice, aby se neznehodnotil za\u0161lap\u00e1n\u00edm a aby se omezilo riziko po\u017e\u00e1ru. Proto se jim \u0159\u00edkalo pr\u00e1\u0161ci.<\/p>

U\u010den\u00ed bylo zakon\u010deno tovary\u0161skou zkou\u0161kou. Po jej\u00edm slo\u017een\u00ed chodili tovary\u0161i po ml\u00fdnech „na zku\u0161enou“. Nosili si s sebou vandrovn\u00ed list, v 19. stolet\u00ed \u00fa\u0159edn\u011b vydanou vandrovn\u00ed kn\u00ed\u017eku, do kter\u00e9 jim mlyn\u00e1\u0159i psali z\u00e1znam o jejich chov\u00e1n\u00ed a vykonan\u00e9 pr\u00e1ci. Z\u00e1pis stvrzovala vrchnost, pozd\u011bji st\u00e1tn\u00ed \u00fa\u0159edn\u00edk. Ve 20. stolet\u00ed se na zku\u0161enou u\u017e tak\u0159ka nechodilo a tovary\u0161i nastupovali do ml\u00fdn\u016f nast\u00e1lo jako ml\u00e1dci (viz n\u00ed\u017ee) za smluvn\u011b stanoven\u00fd plat.<\/p>

Teprve po n\u011bkolika letech str\u00e1ven\u00fdch ve ml\u00fdnech mohl tovary\u0161 za\u017e\u00e1dat o p\u0159ijet\u00ed mezi mistry. P\u0159i zkou\u0161ce musel dolo\u017eit znalosti z techniky mlet\u00ed obil\u00ed a stavby ml\u00fdn\u016f. Pro komisi musel tak\u00e9 vytvo\u0159it zmi\u0148ovan\u00fd „mistrovsk\u00fd kus“.<\/p>

Mlyn\u00e1\u0159sk\u00fd mistr b\u00fdval v r\u00e1mci vesnick\u00e9 komunity vn\u00edm\u00e1n jako autorita a jeho slovo m\u011blo velkou v\u00e1hu, podobn\u011b jako n\u00e1zor bohat\u00e9ho sedl\u00e1ka. \u010casto v\u0161ak byli mlyn\u00e1\u0159i podez\u0159\u00edv\u00e1ni z okr\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed mle\u010d\u016f (z\u00e1kazn\u00edk\u016f) a bylo jim vy\u010d\u00edt\u00e1no, \u017ee jejich zp\u016fsob ob\u017eivy nen\u00ed stejn\u011b poctiv\u00fd jako zem\u011bd\u011blstv\u00ed.<\/p>

Majitel ml\u00fdna byl chasou i mle\u010di oslovov\u00e1n jako „pan otec“ nebo „pant\u00e1ta“. Kontroloval pr\u00e1ci ve ml\u00fdn\u011b a na polnostech, kter\u00e9 k ml\u00fdnu pat\u0159ily. Mlyn\u00e1\u0159ka, „pan\u00ed matka“ se starala p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm o kuchyni, proto\u017ee va\u0159ila pro v\u0161echny lidi ve ml\u00fdn\u011b. Ml\u00fdny pracovaly v\u011bt\u0161inou od z\u00e1\u0159\u00ed do V\u00e1noc a b\u011bhem tohoto obdob\u00ed zde \u017eilo i p\u0159es 20 lid\u00ed. Krom\u011b kuchyn\u011b se \u017eena mlyn\u00e1\u0159e starala o hospod\u00e1\u0159stv\u00ed a celou chasu.<\/p>

Z\u00e1stupcem mlyn\u00e1\u0159e v dob\u011b jeho nep\u0159\u00edtomnosti byl st\u00e1rek. Musel b\u00fdt, stejn\u011b jako mlyn\u00e1\u0159, schopen oprav na ml\u00fdnsk\u00e9m \u00fastroj\u00ed a rozum\u011bt v\u0161em \u0159emesl\u016fm pot\u0159ebn\u00fdm ve ml\u00fdn\u011b – tesa\u0159in\u011b, kameni\u010din\u011b (ml\u00fdnsk\u00e9 kameny se opracov\u00e1valy ve ml\u00fdn\u011b), \u0159emena\u0159in\u011b i ekonomick\u00fdm z\u00e1le\u017eitostem. Mlyn\u00e1\u0159i i st\u00e1rkovi ostatn\u00ed obyvatel\u00e9 ml\u00fdna vykali a v n\u011bkter\u00fdch ml\u00fdnech se stravovali zvl\u00e1\u0161\u0165 od ostatn\u00edch. To bylo v\u0161ak v\u00fdjime\u010dn\u011b, v\u011bt\u0161inou v\u0161ichni jedli kolem velk\u00e9ho stolu ve sv\u011btnici. St\u00e1rek m\u00edval ve ml\u00fdn\u011b odd\u011blen\u00fd pokoj, ostatn\u00ed chasa spala spole\u010dn\u011b.<\/p>

Za chod ml\u00fdnsk\u00e9ho stroje a kvalitu mouky ru\u010dil ml\u00e1dek. Stejn\u011b jako jeho nad\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed um\u011bl prov\u00e9st drobn\u00e9 opravy po\u0161kozen\u00fdch \u010d\u00e1st\u00ed slo\u017een\u00ed. Krom\u011b zmi\u0148ovan\u00fdch pr\u00e1\u0161k\u016f vypom\u00e1hali s prac\u00ed ve ml\u00fdn\u011b potuln\u00ed kraj\u00e1nci. To byli mlad\u00ed tovary\u0161i na zku\u0161en\u00e9 nebo r\u016fzn\u00ed postar\u0161\u00ed mlyn\u00e1\u0159\u0161t\u00ed pomocn\u00edci bez st\u00e1l\u00e9ho m\u00edsta. B\u00fdvali ve ml\u00fdnech pot\u0159ebn\u00ed p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm po \u017en\u00edch, kdy byla spousta obil\u00ed na semlet\u00ed.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

LIB\u011aCHOVKA – d\u0159\u00edve t\u00e9\u017e Dolsk\u00fd potok (dlouh\u00fd 24,5 km) pramen\u00ed v \u00fadol\u00ed mezi Star\u00fdm a Nov\u00fdm Ber\u0161tejnem severov\u00fdchodn\u011b od Dub\u00e9. Na sv\u00e9m toku p\u0159ij\u00edm\u00e1 vodu od levostrann\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edtok\u016f z \u00fadol\u00ed pod Ple\u0161ivcem (Nedamovsk\u00fd potok) a z Be\u0161kovsk\u00e9ho \u00fadol\u00ed (K\u0159enovsk\u00fd potok) a od pravostrann\u00e9ho p\u0159\u00edtoku od Pavl\u00ed\u010dek (Zak\u0161inksk\u00fd potok). U Lib\u011bchova, v bl\u00edzkosti lib\u011bchovsk\u00e9ho z\u00e1meck\u00e9ho parku, […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":7,"menu_order":2,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","template":"","meta":{"ngg_post_thumbnail":0},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/vodajelenice.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/31"}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/vodajelenice.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/vodajelenice.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/vodajelenice.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/vodajelenice.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=31"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"http:\/\/vodajelenice.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/31\/revisions"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/vodajelenice.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/7"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/vodajelenice.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=31"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}